VIP (20mg – 200mg)

VIP

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Independently Certified USP<85> Endotoxin Safe

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Peptide Partners Manufacturer Id: SH07

Batch Id: VP20250511

Research Studies

(for educational purposes only)

Study 1: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in COVID-19 Therapy—Shedding of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 via ADAM10

Authors: Charlotte Gutzler, Kerstin Höhne, Daniele Bani, Gian Kayser, Sebastian Fähndrich, Michael Ambros, Martin J Hug, Siegbert Rieg, Valeria Falcone, Joachim Müller-Quernheim, Gernot Zissel, Björn C Frye

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11942504/

Scientific Findings

This in vitro study investigated the effect of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cell cultures. The results demonstrate that VIP downregulates the transcription of both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, leading to reduced protein expression on the cell surface. Furthermore, VIP was shown to induce the shedding of these receptors from the cell surface, a process mediated by the metalloprotease ADAM10. This was confirmed by the observation that the ADAM10 inhibitor, Aderbasib, blocked the VIP-induced shedding. The functional consequence of these changes was a reduction in the proteolytic activity of TMPRSS2 and a decreased infection rate of cells by a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These findings suggest that VIP may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry by a dual mechanism: reducing the expression and promoting the shedding of its entry receptors.

Plain English Interpretation

Scientists investigated how a natural peptide in our bodies, called VIP, might help fight off the virus that causes COVID-19. In laboratory experiments using cells, they discovered that VIP can make it harder for the virus to get into cells. It does this in two ways: first, it tells the cells to make less of the ‘doorknobs’ (receptors called ACE2 and TMPRSS2) that the virus uses to enter. Second, it helps to ‘cut off’ the doorknobs that are already on the cell surface, so the virus has nothing to grab onto. This one-two punch effectively reduces the number of entry points for the virus, making it more difficult for the cells to become infected. These findings suggest that VIP could be a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19 by blocking the virus from entering our cells in the first place.

Study 2: Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Authors: Takashi Kudo, Yu Tahara, Karen L Gamble, Douglas G McMahon, Gene D Block, Christopher S Colwell

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4073931/

Scientific Findings

This study investigated the long-term effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the electrical activity of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) using mouse brain slice cultures. Application of VIP induced a sustained increase in neuronal firing rate that persisted for several hours. This effect was mediated by the VIP receptor VIPR2, as it was blocked by a VIP receptor antagonist and absent in VIPR2 knockout mice. The downstream signaling pathway involves the activation of both PKA and Epac, leading to an increase in cAMP. The study also demonstrated that the persistent increase in firing rate was dependent on the clock protein PER1 and the Kv3 potassium channels, suggesting that VIP regulates the fast delayed rectifier (FDR) potassium currents to produce long-lasting changes in SCN neuronal excitability.

Plain English Interpretation

Our internal body clock, located in a brain region called the SCN, controls our daily rhythms. A molecule called VIP is known to be important for the function of this clock, but how it works was not fully understood. In this study, researchers used slices of mouse brain tissue kept alive in a dish to study the effects of VIP on the brain cells of the SCN. They found that VIP caused a long-lasting increase in the electrical activity of these cells, making them fire more frequently for several hours. This effect was triggered by VIP binding to a specific receptor on the cell surface, which in turn activated a chain of chemical reactions inside the cell. The study also revealed that this process depends on a specific ‘clock gene’ and certain channels that control the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. These findings suggest that VIP plays a crucial role in regulating the long-term activity of our internal clock, which could have implications for understanding and treating sleep disorders and other conditions related to circadian rhythms.

Study 3: Vasoactive intestinal peptide promotes secretory differentiation and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury

Authors: Tatiana Agibalova, Anneke Hempel, H Carlo Maurer, Mohab Ragab, Anastasia Ermolova, Jessica Wieland, Caroline Waldherr Ávila de Melo, Fabian Heindl, Maximilian Giller, Julius Clemens Fischer, Markus Tschurtschenthaler, Birgit Kohnke-Ertel, Rupert Öllinger, Katja Steiger, Ihsan Ekin Demir, Dieter Saur, Michael Quante, Roland M Schmid, Moritz Middelhoff

Source: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11462795/

Scientific Findings

This study demonstrates that Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) promotes the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells towards a secretory phenotype, a process mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway. In vitro experiments using intestinal organoids revealed that VIP modulates the proliferation of Lgr5-EGFP+ progenitor cells under homeostatic conditions. Furthermore, in a model of radiation-induced intestinal injury, VIP was shown to enhance epithelial regeneration. The study found that irradiated Lgr5-EGFP+ progenitor cells were more susceptible to VIP-induced modulation, which promoted their regenerative capacity. These findings suggest that VIP plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and mitigating radiation-induced damage by promoting secretory differentiation and epithelial regeneration.

Plain English Interpretation

Scientists studied how the peptide VIP affects intestinal cells grown in a lab. They found that VIP encourages these cells to become specialized ‘secretory’ cells, which are important for a healthy gut lining. They also discovered that VIP helps the gut’s stem cells to grow and multiply. When the intestinal cells were damaged by radiation, VIP helped them to heal and regenerate more effectively. This suggests that VIP could be a potential treatment to protect the intestines from damage caused by radiation therapy.